The simplest case is to generate an electron beam directly with a sufficiently high voltage. The voltage required to produce free electrons is related to the electronic energy levels of the electrode material. If the energy you provide is high enough, the bound electrons will break free from the material and become free electrons, which will be accelerated under the electric field and thus form an electric current. As for this situation, I cannot say for sure how the resistance of the vacuum compares to that of air. One reason is that the scattering of the electron beam in a vacuum is smaller, and the other is that although the scattering in air is large, the electron beam energy is high enough to ionize the air and further generate charges to form an electric current.
The reason for the resistance is that the electrode material has a binding effect on its electrons.
Tunnel current, this effect's vacuum current may be somewhat larger than that of air. In a simplified view, each positive and negative electrode is a Coulomb potential well, the depth of the potential well is related to the material/temperature, and their distance is y. The vacuum or air is sandwiched in between and forms a potential barrier V. This barrier can be traversed by electrons from one potential well to another. Roughly speaking, the number of electrons that can pass from one potential well to another should decrease exponentially with the increase of y and V. The energy of the vacuum is close to the free electron energy level, while the potential barrier of air is higher than the free electron energy level. In this case, the current in the vacuum will be larger (with the same y).
It should also be noted that even if y is very large, the current is theoretically present, although it decreases exponentially, it is not exactly zero. In principle, it cannot be said that there are infinitely many electrons between two electrodes that are very far apart in a vacuum at extremely low voltages. As long as you are willing to wait.
VTZ-12 indoor phase-controlled high-voltage vacuum circuit breaker
VTZ-12 indoor phase-controlled high-voltage vacuum circuit breaker by Shaanxi West Power Tongzhong Electrical Co., Ltd.(Tongzhong Electric's special model) is an indoor switchgear for rated voltage 12kV, AC 50/60Hz. It adopts a permanent magnet operating mechanism and is suitable for special occasions in various industrial and mining enterprises and power grid equipment. The trolley unit can be directly used with the KYN28A-12 switchgear, directly replacing the ordinary three-phase integrated vacuum circuit breaker in the existing switchgear.
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